Interconnection and Memory in Linear Time-Invariant Systems

We characterize the role played by memory when linear time-invariant systems interact. This study is of interest as the phenomenon that occurs in this setting is arguably the same phenomenon that governs some cascading failure and contagion effects in interconnected systems. We aim to later extend solutions presented in this paper to problems in other desired settings. The characterization relies on basic methods in homological algebra, and is reminiscent of the rank-nullity theorem of linear algebra. Interconnection of systems is first expressed as an exact sequence, then loss of memory causes a loss of exactness, and finally exactness is recovered through specific algebraic invariants of the systems that encode the role of memory. We thus introduce a new invariant, termed lag, of linear time-invariant systems and characterize the role of memory in terms of the lag. We discuss properties of the lag, and prove several results regarding the characterization.