Harnessing noncoding RNA-based macrophage polarization: Emerging therapeutic opportunities for fibrosis

Aim Organ fibrosis is a common pathological outcome of persistent tissue injury correlated with organ failure and death. Although current antifibrotic therapies have led to unprecedented successes, only a minority of patients with fibrosis benefit from these treatments. There is an urgent need to identify new targets and biomarkers that could be exploited in the diagnosis and treatment of fibrosis. Methods Macrophages play a dual role in the fibrogenesis across different organs either by promoting pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been demonstrated to play key roles in macrophage functions by manipulating macrophage polarization. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of ncRNA-associated macrophage polarization is important to move toward therapeutic interventions. Results In this review, we provide an overview of recent insights into the role of ncRNAs in different fibrotic diseases by modulating macrophage phenotypic plasticity and functional heterogeneity. We also discuss the potential mechanisms of different ncRNAs integrate heterogeneous macrophages in fibrogenesis,including regulatory signatures, networks, and reciprocal interactions. Conclusions A broader understanding of how ncRNA-directed macrophage phenotype transition in immunity and fibrosis might promote the development of a novel strategy for antifibrotic treatment.