Prospective relationship of duration of untreated psychosis to psychopathology and functional outcome over 12 years

Background: The duration of untreated psychosis is well recognised as an independent predictor of symptomatic and functional outcome in the short term and has facilitated the development of worldwide early intervention programmes. However, the extent and mechanisms by which it might influence prognosis beyond a decade remain poorly understood. Methods: The authors examined the relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome 12 years after a first episode of psychosis and assessed whether its relationship with function is affected by symptoms in a prospective, 12-year follow-up of an epidemiologically-based inception cohort. Results: Longer duration of untreated psychosis predicted poorer remission status, more severe positive and negative symptoms, and greater impairment in general functioning, social functioning and quality of life at 12 years on standardised measures, independent of other factors at baseline. It was not associated with gainful employment, for which education was the only predictor, or independent living, for which age was the only predictor. The relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and functional outcome was mediated by concurrent psychopathology, particularly negative symptoms. Conclusions: These results provide qualified support for the potential long-term benefit of reduction in the duration of untreated psychosis in terms of improvement in symptoms and functional outcome. Its failure to predict real-life outcomes such as independent living and gainful employment could reflect the importance of pre-existing socio-cultural factors such as individual opportunity. The relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and negative symptoms was largely responsible for its effect on function, suggesting a possible long-term protective mechanism against disability. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.