Changes in gonadal gene network by exogenous ligands in temperature-dependent sex determination

We examined the expression of candidate sex-determining genes in the red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta) during the temperature-sensitive period (TSP). Aromatase and Rspo1 were used as markers of ovarian differentiation and Sox9 was used as a marker of testicular differentiation. Eggs were incubated at a male-producing temperature (26 degrees C or MPT) and a female-producing temperature (31 degrees C or FPT). First, eggs at the beginning of the TSP (stage 16) were topically treated with the steroid hormones 17 beta-estradiol (E-2), testosterone in combination with aromatase inhibitor (AI+T), the E-2 antagonist (ICI 182 780), and the androgen antagonist (flutamide). Secondly, gonads were removed at stage 16 and treated in vitro with E-2, AI+T, or hormone antagonists. At the FPT, AI+T in ovo suppressed aromatase and Rspo1, while activating Sox9. At the MPT, E-2 treatment rapidly increased aromatase and Rspo1, while suppressing Sox9. Treatment with the E-2 antagonist in ovo decreased aromatase at the FPT. Treatment with the androgen antagonist in ovo increased aromatase and Rspo1 at early time points at MPT and decreased Sox9 at MPT at later developmental stages. Treatment of isolated gonads cultured in vitro with AI+T at FPT decreased aromatase and Rspo1 and E-2 increased the expression of these genes at MPT. In vitro treatment with E2 antagonist suppressed aromatase and Rspo1 expression at FPT. Overall, our results suggest that exogenous ligands dictate gonadal development by redirecting the expression of candidate sex-determining genes within the genetic cascades induced by temperature.