Heat pump placement, connection and operational modes in European district heating

The use of heat pumps in district heating is one of the most promising technologies for enhancing the efficiency of systems and for meeting the 2030 and 2050 European energy and climate targets. It is essential to assess the available data, the practice and experience of planners and engineers to determine heat pump placement, connection and operational modes in district heating networks, as the systems ought to be capable of covering residential heat requirements for all year around operation. The main selection criteria for the appropriate heat pump system are the heat source, the heat pump technology and the heat requirements. These parameters form a technical triangle, which should be used as a comprehensive instrument to enable heat pump integration into residential district heating. The triangle allows the definition of the bidirectional interdependences and the design of a high efficiency, sustainable heat pump based system. This paper presents the solution to scenarios of how to integrate heat pumps into district heating, in terms of heat pump placement, connection and operational modes based on available heat sources and heat requirement profiles and their environmental impact. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.