Distribution Systems Forward/Backward Sweep-based Power Flow Algorithms: A Review and Comparison Study

Because of different characteristic features of distribution networks, such as radial structure and high R/X ratio, distribution system load flow analysis differs significantly from transmission systems. Accordingly, a number of methods that are specially designed for the solution of the power flow problem in radial distribution systems are found in the literature. Most of the developed methods are based on the forward/backward sweep processes for the solution of the ladder networks. In this article, various distribution system load flow algorithms, based on the forward/backward sweeps, are reviewed, and their convergence ability is quantitatively evaluated for different loading conditions, R/X ratios, and sub-station voltage levels. Moreover, the effects of static load modeling on the convergence characteristics of algorithms are also investigated.