Fluorescence imaging of mitochondria in cultured skin fibroblasts: a useful method for the detection of oxidative phosphorylation defects

BACKGROUND: Protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) into the intermembrane space, creating an electric membrane potential (Delta psi) that is used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Defects in one or more of the OXPHOS complexes are associated with a variety of clinical symptoms, often making it difficult to pinpoint the causal mutation. METHODS: In this article, a microscopic method for the quantitative evaluation of Delta psi in cultured skin fibroblasts is described. The method using 5,5',6,6'-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl-carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) fluorescence staining was tested in a selection of OXPHOS-deficient cell lines. RESULTS: A significant reduction of Delta psi was found in the cell lines of patients with either an isolated defect in complex I, II, or IV or a combined defect (complex I + complex IV). Delta psi was not reduced in the fibroblasts of two patients with severe complex V deficiency. Addition of the complex I inhibitor rotenone induced a significant reduction of ALP and perinuclear relocalization of the mitochondria. In cells with a heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) defect, a more heterogeneous reduction of Delta psi was detected. CONCLUSION: Our data show that imaging of Delta psi in cultured skin fibroblasts is a useful method for the evaluation of OXPHOS functioning in cultured cell lines.