Modulation of glioma cell migration and invasion using Cl- and K+ ion channel blockers

Human malignant gliomas are highly invasive tumors. Mechanisms that allow glioma cells to disseminate, migrating through the narrow extracellular brain spaces are poorly understood. We recently demonstrated expression of large voltage-dependent chloride (Cl-) currents, selectively expressed by human glioma cells in vitro and in situ (Ullrich et al., 1998). Currents are sensitive to several Cl- channel blockers, including chlorotoxin (Ctx), (Ullrich and Sontheimer, 1996; Ullrich et al., 1996), tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA), and tamoxifen (Ransom and Sontheimer, 1998). Using Transwell migration assays, we show that blockade of glioma Cl- channels specifically inhibits tumor cell migration in a dose-dependent manner. Ctx (5 mu M), tamoxifen (10 mu M), and TEA (1 mM) also prevented invasion of human glioma cells into fetal rat brain aggregates, used as an in vitro model to assess tumor invasiveness. Anion replacement studies suggest that permeation of chloride ions through glioma chloride channel is obligatory for cell migration. Osmotically induced cell swelling and subsequent regulatory volume decrease (RVD) in cultured glioma cells were reversibly prevented by 1 mM TEA, 10 mu M tamoxifen, and irreversibly blocked by 5 mu M CtX added to the hypotonic media. Cl- fluxes associated with adaptive shape changes elicited by cell swelling and RVD in glioma cells were inhibited by 5 mu M Ctx, 10 mu M tamoxifen, and I mM TEA, as determined using the Cl--sensitive fluorescent dye 6-methoxy-N-ethylquinolinium iodide. Collectively, these data suggest that chloride channels in glioma cells may enable tumor invasiveness, presumably by facilitating cell shape and cell volume changes that are more conducive to migration and invasion.