Microalgae Biomass and Lipids as Feedstock for Biofuels: Sustainable Biotechnology Strategies

Microalgae exhibit remarkable potential as a feedstock for biofuel production compared with other sources, owing to their high areal productivity, low environmental effect, and negligible influence on food security. However, the primary obstacle to the commercialization of algae-based biofuels is the high economic cost due to the low-yield lipid content in the microalgae biomass. Maximizing biomass and lipid production is crucial to improve the economic viability of microalgae for biofuels. Identifying appropriate algal strains, particularly from indigenous environments, and developing those 'platform strains' using mutagenesis and genetic-engineering techniques is preferable. The provided discussion of conventional methods to increase microalgae's biomass and lipid productivity mostly entailed adjusting environmental (such as temperature, light, and salinity) and nutritional (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) parameters. This review illustrated a comprehensive overview of biotechnological approaches and the recent strategies to enhance the lipid productivity of microalgae. The research also emphasized the need to streamline engineering strategies with the aid of recent advancements in DNA-manipulation techniques to hinder the existing biological intricacies in lipogenesis. This review also discussed the current economic and commercialization of this algal biorefinery along with the drawbacks.