Inflammasome/IL-1β responses to streptococcal pathogens

Inflammation mediated by the inflammasome and the cytokine IL-1 beta are some of the earliest and most important alarms to infection. These pathways are responsive to the virulence factors that pathogens use to subvert immune processes, and thus are typically activated only by microbes with potential to cause severe disease. Among the most serious human infections are those caused by the pathogenic streptococci, in part because these species numerous strategies for immune evasion. Since the virulence factor armament of each pathogen is unique, the role of IL-1 beta and the pathways leading to its activation varies for each infection. This review summarizes the role of IL-1 beta during infections caused by streptococcal pathogens, with emphasis on emergent mechanisms and concepts countering paradigms determined for other organisms.