Trophoblastic progranulin expression is upregulated in cases of fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia

Aims: The expression of the anti-inflammatory glycoprotein progranulin and the hypoxia-induced transcription factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) in the villous trophoblast was compared between placentae from patients with preeclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction (FGR), and normal controls. Study design: Matched pairs analysis of third trimester placentae specimens (mean gestational age 36+2) was performed by semiquantitative measurements of the immunohistochemical staining intensities for progranulin and HIF-1 alpha expression (PE n = 13, FGR n = 9 and controls n = 11). Further, placental progranulin mRNA expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR on term placentae (n = 3 for each group). Results: Compared to controls, villous trophoblast revealed a significantly higher expression of progranulin in cases of PE (P<0.05) and FGR (P<0.01). Similar results were shown for HIF-1 alpha expression (P<0.01 for PE and <0.05 for FGR). The increase of the progranulin protein was not accompanied by an increase of the progranulin mRNA in term placentae. Conclusions: Increased expression of progranulin protein in villous trophoblast cells in cases of PE and FGR may result from disturbed placental development and, therefore, may be of pathogenetic importance. The increase was correlated to HIF-1 alpha expression. Further evaluation of this potential mechanism of regulation is required.