Natural halloysite nanotubes as mesoporous carriers for the loading of ibuprofen

Natural halloysite with a mesoporous lumen was used as a carrier for the loading of ibuprofen (IBU) for the first time. The halloysite products were characterized by elemental analysis, nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. IBU was loaded mainly into the lumen and partially on the external surface of the halloysite. The loaded IBU was present as nanocrystal and amorphous state. In unmodified halloysite, initially the IBU were anchored to the surface hydroxyl groups by hydrogen bonding, and then the added IBU molecules formed aggregates via hydrogen-bonds to the anchored IBU. The surface functionalization of halloysite by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) promoted the loading of IBU in halloysite. APTES induced a strong affinity through electrostatic attraction, between the carboxyl groups of IBU and the aminopropyl groups of the grafted APTES. In grafted halloysite, a thermal pretreatment at 400 degrees C reduced the water content leading to a restriction of the APTES oligomerization in the lumen. Consequently, the free lumen space was preserved and resulted in a further increase in IBU loading. The modified halloysite, pretreated by heating and grafted by APTES, had the largest IBU loading, which was 25.4% greater than that in unmodified halloysite. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.