The effects of nutrition and density on growth, foliage biomass, and growth efficiency of high-density fire-origin lodgepole pine in central British Columbia

A factorial thinning and fertilization experiment was established in central British Columbia in a 36-year-old high-density fire-origin lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) stand to examine the effects of density, nutrition, and their interaction on tree and stand growth, foliage biomass per hectare, and growth efficiency. Volume growth was increased from 2 to 7 m(3.)ha(-1.)year(-1) when fertilizer was applied without thinning and to 5 m(3.)ha(-1.)year(-1) when fertilizer was applied with thinning. Thinning increased tree-level foliage biomass and growth efficiency by concentrating limited resources onto fewer trees, resulting in increased tree-level volume growth. Stand-level volume growth was reduced by thinning because of the large reduction in stocking. However, by year 4, stand-level volume growth was the same on control and thinned plots, suggesting that thinned trees have already recaptured the site potential. Fertilization increased both tree-level and stand-level productivity through increases in resource availability per tree and per hectare. This resulted in increased foliage biomass and growth efficiency at the tree and stand level. The combination of thinning and fertilization resulted in the greatest tree-level growth because of increased tree-level foliage biomass and growth efficiency. Boron appears to be the most limiting element followed by sulfur and nitrogen.