A social science perspective on conflicts in the energy transition: An introduction to the special issue

The energy transition is essential to European climate protection policies that aim to establish climate neutrality by the middle of the century. However, it has become evident that several challenges impede policy imple-mentation, especially at the regional level. In this special issue, institutionalization, mobilization, and collabo-ration are identified as essential formative elements in shaping structures and processes of the energy transition. They have in common the point of view that most problems can be found in democratic decision-making, with conflicts of interest across established and emerging power structures.This introductory article presents a research framework to explore the energy transition, highlighting recur-rent challenges. The presentation of an ideal policy cycle and a brief review of key points from the articles in the special issue allows us to form preliminary conclusions about policy implications. Chief among these is the recognition that divergent research perspectives are needed to understand the energy transition. Therefore, we advocate integrating classical policy analysis with research into participatory processes, democratization, and justice. In addition, we need new strategies and governance approaches to meet the challenges of transitioning to carbon-neutral practices in a democratic society.