Brain Imaging in Dementia: State-of-the-Art

Beside the clinical examination, neuropsychological testing and cerebrospinal fluid analysis imaging of the brain is a vital component in the diagnostic work-up of dementias. Using state-of-the-art imaging techniques it is possible to visualise pathophysiological correlates of primary dementias at a structural and even functional level. In a scientific context the individual differentiation of neurodegenerative disorders, as well as the identification of prodromal states and the monitoring of progression using imaging biomarkers are already standard practice. These validated protocols are now entering clinical routine. This development away from the diagnosis by an exclusion approach of former days is increasingly reflected in national and international guidelines and assists an earlier individual dementia screening. This review aims to give a survey about the current state of these imaging routines for the most prevalent types of dementia focusing on magnetic resonance and nuclear imaging.