Update 1 of: Strong Ionic Hydrogen Bonds

A study was conducted to provide detailed information about strong ionic hydrogen bonds (IHB). These strong hydrogen bonds were critical in ionic clusters and nucleation, in electrolytes, ion solvation, and acid-base chemistry, in the structures of ionic crystals, surfaces, silicates, and clays. IHBs were also important in bioenergetics including protein folding, enzyme-active centers, formation of membranes and proton transport, and biomolecular recognition. The energetics of IHB interactions were isolated and studied quantitatively in the gas phase. These studies led to a fundamental understanding of relations between strong ionic hydrogen bond strengths and molecular structure and the solvation of ions in the critical inner shells, and acid-base phenomena and bioenergetics.