Mehlich 3 or modified olsen for soil testing in Malawi

Soil nutrient extraction methods, which are currently being used in Malawi, are time consuming and require too many resources. The use of a universal soil extractant would greatly reduce resource requirements. The objectives of the study were to (i) compare the universal soil extractants, Mehlich 3 (M3) and Modified Olsen (MO) with ammonium acetate (AA), Bray P1 (BP1), and diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA) in the amount of nutrients extracted, (ii) determine the relationship among the extractants for the nutrients they extract, and (iii) determine the critical soil-test levels of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) for a maize crop. Missing nutrient trials involving P, K, and Zn were conducted on thirty sites across Malawi using maize (Zea mays L.). Phosphorus application rates ranged from 40 to 207 kg P2O5 ha(-1). Potassium and Zn were applied at 75 kg K2O and 10 kg Zn ha(-1), respectively. Procedures of Gate and Nelson were used to identify soil nutrient critical levels. Results showed that the correlations between M3 and BP1, and MO and BP1 were highly significant (r=0.93, 0.94, respectively). Mehlich 3 extractable K and AA extractable K (r=0.90), MO and AA extractable K (r=0.94) were highly significant (P<0.01) and the correlations between M3 and AA and MO and AA extractable calcium (Ca) (r=0.92, 0.90, and 0.94, respectively) were also highly significant (P<0.01). The correlations between M3, MO, and AA extractable magnesium (Mg) (r=0.99) were highly significant (P<0.01). Zinc, copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) extracted with M3 and DTPA were significantly correlated (r=0.89, 0.87, and 0.95, respectively). Correlations between MO and DTPA extractable Zn, Cu, and Mn were also highly correlated (r=0.89, 0.85, and 0.95, respectively). Maize grain yields ranged from 730 to 9,400 kg ha(-1). Mehlich 3-P and MO-P critical levels were 31.5 and 28.0 mu g g(-1), respectively. Mehlich 3 and MO gave a similar critical level of 0.2 cmol kg(-1) for K while Zn critical levels were 2.5, and 0.8 mu g g(-1) for M3 and MO, respectively. Mehlich 3 and MO were equally effective in separating responsive to none responsive soils for maize in Malawi.