Evaluating Solid-Electrolyte Interphases for Lithium and Lithium-free Anodes from Nanoindentation Features

The morphology and mechanical property of SEIs for lithium anodes crucially affect the electrochemical cycling performance of Li-metal batteries such as Li-S and Li-O-2 batteries. Herein, we establish the standards for rapidly assessing SEIs for Li and Li-free type of anodes by AFM nanoindentation features toward prediction of corresponding electrochemical performances. A series of single-layered and multi-layered SEIs with known composition and structures are purposely constructed. A set of unique nanoindentation features representative of mechanical properties of the basic SEIs are formed, serving as the standards for rapidly assessing the mechanical properties and electrochemical performances of unknown SEIs together with their Young's modulus, smoothness, and thickness. To validate the applicability of the method, SEIs formed by electrochemical aging and formed on Cu substrates are further evaluated. Our work not only contributes to understanding the influence of SEls on cycling performances but also provides a rapid way for screening SEls.