Pollination, capsule damage, and the production of seeds in Salix setchelliana (Salicaceae), an Alaskan glacial river gravel bar willow

Salix setchelliana, a clonal prostrate willow. is a dominant species of glacial river gravel bars in Denali National Park, Alaska. This habitat, which is located between migrating river channels, is unpredictable in time, patchy in space, and essentially alpine in nature. The species takes advantage of both entomophily and anemophily, thus perhaps improving its success under these conditions. It is dependent primarily on insect pollination, carried out by a variety of species, but wind pollination accounted for 7-25% of seed production. The number of seeds per capsule was much below the potential maximum. Seed predation, and probably insufficient pollination, influenced seed production. Predation accounted Tar a 70% reduction in seed production per capsule in an open pollination treatment (P = 0.005). There were significant differences in number of seeds per capsule between collection sites (P = 0.0022). An inverse relationship was observed between seed predation levels and seed numbers in both insect-damaged and undamaged capsules.