LD78β, a non-allelic variant of human MIP-1α (LD78α), has enhanced receptor interactions and potent HIV suppressive activity

Chemokines play diverse roles in inflammatory and non-inflammatory situations via activation of heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptors. Also, many chemokine receptors can act as cofactors for cellular entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro. CCR5, a receptor for chemokines MLP-1 alpha (LD78 alpha), MIP-1 beta, RAN-TES, and MCP2, is of particular importance in vivo as polymorphisms in this gene affect HIV infection and rate of progression to APDS. Moreover, the CCR5 ligands can prevent HIV entry through this receptor and likely contribute to the control of HIV infection. Here we show that a non-allelic isoform of human MIP-1 alpha (LD78 alpha), termed LD78 beta or MIP-1 alpha P, has enhanced receptor binding affinities to CCR5 (similar to 6-fold) and the promiscuous beta-chemokine receptor, D6 (similar to 15-20-fold). We demonstrate that a proline residue at position 2 of MIP-1 alpha P is responsible for this enhanced activity. Moreover, MIP-1 alpha P is by far the most potent natural CCR5 agonist described to date, and importantly, displays markedly higher HIV1 suppressive activity than all other human MIP-1 alpha isoforms examined. In addition, while RANTES has been described as the most potent inhibitor of CCR5-mediated HIV entry, MIP-1 alpha P was as potent as, if not more potent than, RANTES in HIV-1 suppressive assays. This property suggests that MLP-1 alpha P may be of importance in controlling Viral spread in HN-infected individuals.