Risk assessment of deoxynivalenol in high-risk area of China by human biomonitoring using an improved high throughput UPLC-MS/MS method

A risk assessment of deoxynivalenol (DON) was recently conducted for the residents in Henan province, China, where wheat as the staple food are highly consumed. A high-throughput sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method following 96-well mu Elution solid-phase extraction (SPE) were developed and validated for the determination of DON biomarkers in human urine. Isotope labelled internal standard, C-13-DON, was used for accurate quantification. Urinary samples collected from 151 healthy Chinese aged 2-78 years were processed with and without enzyme hydrolysis to determine total and free biomarkers, respectively. DON, and de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) to a lesser extent, can be frequently detected in these samples both with and without enzyme hydrolysis. Free DOM-1 was detected at low level in human urine for the first time. Total DON was detected in all samples with a mean concentration at 47.6 ng mL(-1). The mean and median probable daily intakes (PDI) for the whole participants, estimated to be 1.61 mu g/kg bw and 1.10 mu g/kg bw, both exceeded the PMTDI (1 mu g/kg bw/day), indicating a potential risk for the residents in this area, especially for children and adolescents.