Psychopathology in Children with Intellectual Disability: Risk Markers and Correlates

The purpose of this literature review was to summarize studies examining risk factors, markers, and correlates of psychopathology in youngsters with intellectual disability. A total of 26 studies met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Due to the limitations of research methods (i.e., not establishing precedence), no risk factors were identified. The majority of variables examined were risk markers (i.e., age, sex, level of functioning). The most consistent age finding was that hyperactivity and/or conduct disorder symptoms were negatively associated with age. Sex effects were equivocal but suggested that boys had more disruptive behavior problems than girls. Specific patterns emerged in regard to level of functioning. Those with milder delays were more likely to have disruptive and emotional disorders. Conversely, those with more severe delay had higher rates of stereotypy, self-injury, and social isolation and were less likely to show symptom improvement over time. This review also identified correlates of emotional and problem behavior such as parent psychopathology and stress and dysfunctional home environment. Parallels were drawn with the general child psychopathology field and further research directions were discussed.