Background: Emergency contraception has been known for several decades, and dedicated products have been on the market for close to 20 years. Yet it is unclear whether women, particularly in low-resource countries, have access to this important second-chance method of contraception. Objectives: To review relevant policies, regulations, and other factors related to access to emergency contraception worldwide. Search strategy: A wide range of gray literature was reviewed, several specific studies were commissioned, and a number of online databases were searched. Main results: Several positive policies and regulations are in place: emergency contraception products are registered in the majority of countries around the world, listed in many countries' essential medicines lists, included in widely used guidance, and supported by most donors. Yet analysis of demographic data shows that the majority of women in low-income countries have never heard of emergency contraception, and surveys find that many providers have negative attitudes toward providing emergency contraception. Conclusions: Despite more than a decade of concerted international and country-level efforts to ensure that women have access to emergency contraception, accessibility remains limited. (c) 2013 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
机构:
WHO, Special Programme Res Dev & Res Training Human Re, World Bank, UNFPA,UNDP, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Family Med, Chicago, IL USAWHO, Special Programme Res Dev & Res Training Human Re, World Bank, UNFPA,UNDP, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
von Hertzen, Helena
Godfrey, Emily M.
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Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Family Med, Chicago, IL USAWHO, Special Programme Res Dev & Res Training Human Re, World Bank, UNFPA,UNDP, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
机构:
Univ Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hosp, Sch Clin Med, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol,Pokfulam, 102 Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
Family Planning Assoc Hong Kong, Wan Chai, 10th Floor,130 Hennessy Rd, Hong Kong, Peoples R ChinaUniv Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hosp, Sch Clin Med, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol,Pokfulam, 102 Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
Li, Raymond Hang Wun
Lo, Sue Seen Tsing
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Univ Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hosp, Sch Clin Med, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol,Pokfulam, 102 Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
Family Planning Assoc Hong Kong, Wan Chai, 10th Floor,130 Hennessy Rd, Hong Kong, Peoples R ChinaUniv Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hosp, Sch Clin Med, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol,Pokfulam, 102 Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
Lo, Sue Seen Tsing
Cameron, Sharon Tracey
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NHS Lothian, Chalmers Sexual Hlth Ctr, 2a Chalmers St, Edinburgh EH3 9ES, Scotland
Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Reprod Hlth, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, ScotlandUniv Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hosp, Sch Clin Med, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol,Pokfulam, 102 Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
机构:
Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Programa Posgrad Saude Colet, Inst Estudos Saude Colet, Ctr Ciencias Saude, Ave Horacio Macedo,S-N,Cidade Univ, BR-21941598 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, BrazilUniv Fed Rio de Janeiro, Programa Posgrad Saude Colet, Inst Estudos Saude Colet, Ctr Ciencias Saude, Ave Horacio Macedo,S-N,Cidade Univ, BR-21941598 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Bastos, Luiza Lena
Ventura, Miriam
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Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Estudos Saude Colet, Ctr Ciencias Saude, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, BrazilUniv Fed Rio de Janeiro, Programa Posgrad Saude Colet, Inst Estudos Saude Colet, Ctr Ciencias Saude, Ave Horacio Macedo,S-N,Cidade Univ, BR-21941598 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Ventura, Miriam
Brandao, Elaine Reis
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Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Estudos Saude Colet, Ctr Ciencias Saude, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, BrazilUniv Fed Rio de Janeiro, Programa Posgrad Saude Colet, Inst Estudos Saude Colet, Ctr Ciencias Saude, Ave Horacio Macedo,S-N,Cidade Univ, BR-21941598 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
机构:
Hosp Santa Creu & Sant Pau, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Barcelona 08025, SpainHosp Santa Creu & Sant Pau, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Barcelona 08025, Spain
Trilla, Cristina
Senosiain, Raquel
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Hosp Santa Creu & Sant Pau, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Barcelona 08025, SpainHosp Santa Creu & Sant Pau, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Barcelona 08025, Spain
Senosiain, Raquel
Calaf, Joaquim
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Hosp Santa Creu & Sant Pau, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Barcelona 08025, SpainHosp Santa Creu & Sant Pau, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Barcelona 08025, Spain
Calaf, Joaquim
Jose Espinos, Juan
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Hosp Santa Creu & Sant Pau, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Barcelona 08025, SpainHosp Santa Creu & Sant Pau, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Barcelona 08025, Spain
机构:
Karolinska Inst, Dept Womens & Childrens Hlth, Stockholm, Sweden
Karolinska Univ Hosp, WHO Collaborating Ctr Res Human Reprod, Stockholm, SwedenKarolinska Inst, Dept Womens & Childrens Hlth, Stockholm, Sweden
Endler, M.
Li, R. H. W.
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Univ Hong Kong, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Peoples R ChinaKarolinska Inst, Dept Womens & Childrens Hlth, Stockholm, Sweden
Li, R. H. W.
Danielsson, K. Gemzell
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Karolinska Inst, Dept Womens & Childrens Hlth, Stockholm, Sweden
Karolinska Univ Hosp, WHO Collaborating Ctr Res Human Reprod, Stockholm, SwedenKarolinska Inst, Dept Womens & Childrens Hlth, Stockholm, Sweden
机构:
Albert Szent Gyorgyi Med Univ, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, H-6701 Szeged, HungaryAlbert Szent Gyorgyi Med Univ, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary