Is smoking related to body image satisfaction, stress, and self-esteem in young adults?

Objectives: To examine the association of smoking and gender with body image satisfaction, perceived stress, and self-esteem in young adults. Methods: Respondents completed a survey consisting of Perceived Stress Scale, Body-Areas Satisfaction Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Current smokers (n=483) and never smokers (n=973) are included. Results: Smoking and female gender were independently associated with higher perceived stress (P < 0.001). Female gender was associated with lower body image satisfaction and lower self-esteem (P < 0.001). Current smoking was associated with lower self-esteem (P=0.007). Conclusion: Smoking treatment should include stress management and self-esteem and body image improvement.