Morphological, biochemical and mechanical properties of articular cartilage and subchondral bone in rat tibial plateau are age related

The purpose of this study was to investigate age-related changes in the morphological, biochemical and mechanical properties of articular cartilage (AC) and subchondral bone in the rat tibial plateau. Female Wistar rats were grouped according to age (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16 and 17months, with 10 rats in each group). The ultrastructures, surface topographies, and biochemical and mechanical properties of the AC and subchondral bone in the knee joints of the rats were determined through X-ray micro-tomography, histology, immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation. We found that cartilage thickness decreased with age. This decrease was accompanied by functional condensation of the underlying subchondral bone. Increased thickness and bone mineral density and decreased porosity were observed in the subchondral plate (SP). Growth decreased collagen II expression in the tibial cartilage. The arrangement of trabeculae in the subchondral trabecular bone became disordered. The thickness and strength of the fibers decreased with age, as detected by SEM. The SP and trabeculae in the tibial plateau increased in roughness in the first phase (1-9months of age), and then were constant in the second phase (11-17months of age). Meanwhile, the roughness of the AC changed significantly in the first phase (1-9months of age), but the changes were independent of age thereafter. This study gives a comprehensive insight into the growth-related structural, biochemical and mechanical changes in the AC and subchondral bone. The results presented herein may contribute to a new understanding of the pathogenesis of age-related bone diseases.