Optimal repetition time reduction for single subject event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging

Purpose: Short TRs are increasingly used for fMRI as fast sequences such as simultaneous multislice excitation become available. These have been associated with apparent sensitivity improvements, although greater temporal autocorrelation at shorter TRs can inflate sensitivity measurements leading to uncertainty regarding the optimal approach. Methods: In volunteers (n = 10), the optimal TR was assessed at the single subject level for event-related designs (visual stimulation) with 4 frequencies of presentation at 4 TR values (412-2550 ms). T-values in the visual cortex localized in each individual were obtained and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed by counting voxels within and outside expected task active regions at different thresholds. This analysis was repeated using 4 different autoregressive (AR) models; SPM AR(1) and SPM AR(fast) which globally estimate autocorrelation, and fMRIstat AR(1) and AR(5) that use a local estimate. Results: The use of modest multiband factors of 2 or 3 with a reduction in TR to 1000 +/- 200 ms had greater sensitivity and specificity as shown by higher T-values in visual cortex and ROC analysis. At these TRs, the ROC analysis demonstrated that a local AR model fit improved performance while high order AR models were unnecessary. Conclusions: Modest TR reductions (to 1000 +/- 200 ms) optimally improved event-related fMRI performance independent of design frequency. Autoregressive models with a local as opposed to global fit performed better, while low order autoregressive models were sufficient at the optimal TR.