Pseudo Label-Driven Federated Learning-Based Decentralized Indoor Localization via Mobile Crowdsourcing

Received signal strength (RSS) fingerprintbased indoor localization has received increasing popularity over the past decades. However, it suffers from the high calibration effort for fingerprint collection. In this paper, a Centralized indooR localizatioNmethod using Pseudo-label (CRNP) is proposed, which employs a small set of labeled data (RSS fingerprint) along with large volumes of unlabeled data (RSS valueswithout coordinates) to reduce theworkload of labeled data collection and improve the indoor localization performance. However, the rich location data is large in quantity and privacy sensitive, which may lead to high network cost (i. e., data transmission cost, data storage cost) and potential privacy leakage for data transmission to the central server. Therefore, a decentralized indoor localization method incorporating CRNP and federated learning is devised, which keeps the location data on local users' devices and improves the shared CRNP model by aggregating users' updates of the model. The experiment results demonstrate that (i) the proposed CRNP enables to improve the indoor localization accuracy by using unlabeled crowdsourced data; (ii) the designed decentralized scheme is robust to different data distribution and is capable to reduce the network cost and prevent users' privacy leakage.