A lipidomics approach reveals new insights intoCrotalus durissus terrificusandBothrops moojenisnake venoms

Snakebite envenomation causes > 81,000 deaths and incapacities in another 400,000 people worldwide every year. Snake venoms are complex natural secretions comprised of hundreds of different molecules with a wide range of biological functions that after injection cause local and systemic manifestations. Although several studies have investigated snake venoms, the majority have focused on the protein portion (toxins), without significant attention paid to the lipid fraction. Therefore, an untargeted lipidomic approach based on liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was applied to investigate the lipid constituents of venoms of the snake speciesCrotalus durissus terrificusandBothrops moojeni. Phosphatidylcholines (PC), Lyso-PCs, phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), Lyso-PE, phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), ceramides (Cer), and sphingomyelin (SM) species were detected in the analyzed snake venoms. The identified lipids included bioactive compounds such as platelet-activating factor (PAF) precursor, PAF-like molecules, plasmalogens, ceramides, and sphingomyelins with long fatty acid chain lengths, which may be associated with the systemic responses triggered byC. d. terrificusandB. moojenienvenomation. These responses include platelet aggregation, activation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), apoptosis, as well as the production of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators, cytokines, and reactive species. The newly proposed lipidomics strategy provided valuable information regarding the lipid profiles ofviperidvenoms, which could lead to increased understanding of the complex pathology promoted by snakebite envenomation.