XK469, a novel antitumor agent, inhibits signaling by the MEK/MAPK signaling pathway

Purpose: XK469 (NSC 697887) is a novel antitumor agent with broad activity against a variety of tumors including drug-resistant tumors. Previous studies have indicated that XK469 is an antiproliferative agent with a low cytotoxic effect in human H116 tumor cells. In this study, we sought to determine the signaling pathways involved in mediating its antiproliferative activity. Methods: The antiproliferative activity of XK469 was tested using human U-937 leukemia cells in culture. XK469-induced cell cycle arrest was determined using flow cytometric analysis. Phosphorylation/activation of MEK and MAPK was analyzed using immunoblot analyses with specific antibodies against p-MEK and p-MAPK. Results: Cell cycle analysis revealed that XK469 arrested U-937 cells at the G(2)/M phase. Compared with conventional anticancer agents, XK469 showed very low, if any, cytotoxic or proapoptotic effect against U-937 cells. In contrast, treatment of U-937 cells with vinblastine, doxorubicin and m-AMSA resulted in extensive cell death through apoptotic pathways. XK469, but not other agents, potently inhibited the phosphorylation/activation of MEK in U-937 cells cultured in serum-containing medium. XK469 was also able to block the activation of MEK by serum addition in starved U-937 cells. Exposure of cells to XK469 for I h was sufficient to inhibit the activation of MEK and its downstream kinase, MAPK. The antiproliferative response to XK469 was correlated with a steady accumulation of cyclins B1 and A, which appeared to be a direct result of G2/M arrest. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the antiproliferative effect of XK469 is mediated by inhibiting the MEK/MAPK signaling pathways in U-937 human leukemia cells.