Central Vascular Catheter Placement Evaluation Using Saline Flush and Bedside Echocardiography

被引:61
作者
Weekes, Anthony J. [1 ]
Johnson, David A. [1 ]
Keller, Stephen M. [1 ]
Efune, Bradley [1 ]
Carey, Christopher [1 ]
Rozario, Nigel L. [2 ]
Norton, H. James [2 ]
机构
[1] Carolinas Med Ctr, Dept Emergency Med, Charlotte, NC 28203 USA
[2] Carolinas Med Ctr, Biostat Facil, Charlotte, NC 28203 USA
关键词
CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER; SUPERIOR VENA-CAVA; INTERNAL JUGULAR-VEIN; ULTRASOUND GUIDANCE; CHEST RADIOGRAPHY; LINE PLACEMENT; TIP; LANDMARK; ULTRASONOGRAPHY; INSERTION;
D O I
10.1111/acem.12283
中图分类号
R4 [临床医学];
学科分类号
1002 ; 100602 ;
摘要
ObjectivesCentral venous catheter (CVC) placement is a common procedure in critical care management. The authors set out to determine echocardiographic features during a saline flush of any type of CVC. The hypothesis was that the presence of a rapid saline swirl in the right atrium on bedside echocardiography would confirm correct placement of the CVC tip, similar to the accuracy of the postplacement chest radiograph (CXR). MethodsThis was a prospective convenience sample of emergency department (ED) and intensive care unit (ICU) patients who had CVCs placed. Investigators used subcostal or apical four-chamber echocardiography windows to evaluate the onset and appearance of turbulent flow in the right atrium when the distal port of the CVC was flushed with 10mL of saline. Onset was rated as immediate (within 2seconds), delayed (2 to 6seconds), or absent (did not appear within 6seconds). Appearance was rated as prominent, speckling, or absent. Digital video review was used later to objectively determine precise timing of turbulence onset. The rapid atrial swirl sign (RASS) was defined as the echo appearance of turbulence entering the right atrium immediately (within 2seconds) after the saline flush of the CVC distal port. The observance of RASS (positive) was considered negative for CVC malposition. Echocardiographic results were compared to CVC tip locations within predetermined zones on the CXR. Superior vena cava (SVC) region was considered the optimal CVC tip position for subclavian and internal jugular CVC. Left CVC tips within the mid left innominate vein were also considered appropriately placed. ResultsA total of 142 patients enrolled, yielding 152 CVCs. Two CVCs were excluded from analysis due to incomplete data. Both CXR and echocardiographic images for 107 internal jugular CVCs and 28 subclavian CVCs were available for analysis. Saline flush echo evaluations were also performed on 15 femoral CVCs. Either 16-cm triple-lumen or 20-cm PreSep CVCs were used. CVC malposition was discovered on CXR in four of 135 (3.0%) of the subclavian and internal jugular CVCs. RASS for subclavian and internal jugular CVC evaluations versus CXR results for CVC tip malposition yielded 75% sensitivity, 100% specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) 100% (95% confidence interval [CI]=29.24% to 100%), and negative predictive value (NPV) 99.24% (95% CI=95.85% to 99.98%). Mean (SD) time for onset of saline flush turbulence was 1.1 (0.3) seconds for subclavian and internal jugular CVC tips within the target CXR zone. ConclusionsThe rapid appearance of prominent turbulence in the right atrium on echocardiography after CVC saline flush serves as a precise bedside screening test of optimal CVC tip position. Resumen ObjetivosLa colocacion de un cateter venoso central (CVC) es un procedimiento comun en el manejo de los pacientes criticos. Los autores pretendieron determinar los hallazgos ecocardiograficos durante una perfusion de suero salino en cualquier tipo de CVC. La hipotesis fue que la presencia de un remolino rapido del suero salino en la auricula derecha visualizado en la ecocardiografia a pie de cama confirmaria la correcta colocacion del CVC, similar a la certeza que tiene la radiografia de torax tras la colocacion. MetodologiaEstudio prospectivo de una muestra de conveniencia de los pacientes del servicio de urgencias y la unidad de cuidados criticos que tenian colocado un CVC. Los investigadores usaron las ventanas ecocardiograficas subcostal o apical de cuatro camaras para evaluar el inicio y la aparicion de un flujo turbulento en la auricula derecha cuando se perfundieron 10mL de suero salino en la luz distal del CVC. El inicio se califico como inmediato (en los primeros 2 segundos), retrasado (de 2 a 6 segundos) o ausente (no aparecio en los primeros 6 segundos). La apariencia se clasifico como prominente, moteada o ausente. La revision del video digital se utilizo posteriormente para determinar objetivamente el tiempo preciso de inicio de la turbulencia. El signo del remolino auricular rapido (rapid atrial swirl sign, RASS) se definio como la aparicion en la ecografia de una turbulencia que entra inmediatamente en la aricula derecha (en los primeros 2 segundos) tras la perfusion de suero salino en el puerto distal del CVC. La observacion de RASS (positivo) se considero negativo para la mala posicion del CVC. Los resultados ecocardiograficos se compararon con las localizaciones de la punta del CVC en zonas predeterminadas en la radiografia de torax. La region de la vena cava superior se considero la posicion de la punta del CVC optima para el CVC con entrada en la vena subclavia y en la vena yugular interna. Las puntas de CVC situadas en la vena innominada izquierda tambien se consideraron correctamente situadas. ResultadosSe incluyeron 142 pacientes, con 152 CVC. Dos CVC se excluyeron del analisis debido a datos incompletos. Se dispuso de imagenes para el analisis tanto de la radiografia de torax como la ecocardiografia de 107 CVC con entrada en la vena yugular interna y 28 en la vena subclavia. Las evaluaciones de la perfusion de suero salino mediante ecografia se realizaron en 15 CVC con entrada en la vena femoral. Se usaron tanto CVC de 16cm de triple luz como de 20cm. La mala posicion del CVC se descubrio mediante la radiografia de torax en 4 de 135 (3,0%) de los CVC de subclavia y yugular interna. Los resultados de RASS para las evaluaciones CVC de subclavia y yugular interna, frente a los resultados de la radiologia de torax para la mala posicion de la punta CVC, fueron un 75% de sensibilidad, un 100% de especificidad, un 100% de valor predictivo positivo (IC 95%=29,24% a 100%), y un 99,24% de valor predictivo negativo (IC 95%=95,85% a 99,98%). La media de tiempo para el inicio de la turbulencia de la perfusion de suero salino fue 1,1 segundos (DE +/- 0,3 segundos) para la punta de CVC en la subclavia y en la yugular interna. ConclusionesLa rapida aparicion de una turbulencia prominente en la auricular derecha en la ecocardiografia tras la perfusion de suero salino en el CVC sirve como una prueba de despistaje precisa a pie de cama de la posicion optima de la punta del CVC. (C) 2013 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
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页码:65 / 72
页数:8
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