Survey of nitrogen fertilizer use on corn in Minnesota

A survey was conducted in the spring of 2010 to characterize the use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on corn (Zea mays L.) by Minnesota farmers in the 2009 growing season. Detailed information on synthetic N fertilizer management practices was collected from interviews with 1496 farmers distributed across all of the corn growing regions in the state. The total amount of corn they grew represented 6.8% of the ha of corn harvested in Minnesota in 2009. This report summarizes data on: (1) N fertilizer rates, (2) major N sources (excluding manures), (3) application timing of the major N source, (4) use of nitrification inhibitors, additives, and specialty N fertilizer formulations, (5) fertilizer placement and incorporation practices, (6) use of starter fertilizer, split and sidedress applications, and other N sources such as ammonium phosphates, (7) N fertilization of irrigated corn, and (8) use of soil testing as a fertility management tool. Many of the survey results are reported as statewide averages, but where regional differences occurred the data are broken down and presented separately for different parts of the state. This survey provides the most comprehensive set of data on N fertilizer use on corn that has been collected in Minnesota. The information can be used to target research and education programs to improve N management for both production and environmental goals. The statewide average N fertilizer rate was 157 kg N ha(-1). Variable rate application was used to apply N by 23% of farmers. About 59% of surveyed farmers applied the majority of their N fertilizer in the spring before planting, 32.5% made their main N application in the fall, and 9% side-dressed the majority of their N after corn emergence. Most farmers used anhydrous ammonia (46%) or urea (45%) as their major source of N fertilizer, while 6.5% used a liquid N formulation as their primary N source. Soil testing was used as a fertility management tool on 84% of the surveyed fields in the last 5 years. Overall results indicate that N fertilizer use by Minnesota corn farmers is generally consistent with University of Minnesota Extension N management guidelines. Fertilizer N use could probably be improved by taking adequate N credit for previous soybean crops. In the South Central region of the state, fertilizer N recovery could potentially be improved by increased use of nitrification inhibitors with fall-applied anhydrous ammonia or by delaying anhydrous ammonia application until spring. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.