Assessing changes in soil carbon stocks after land use conversion from forest land to agricultural land in Japan

In the context of their role in global climate change, changes in soil carbon stocks resulting from land use conversions from forest to agricultural lands (cropland and grassland) and subsequent agricultural activities were investigated with data from a total of 46 soil sampling sites across Japan (28 cropland and 18 grassland sites). Collection of soil sample pairs from forest land and adjacent agricultural land converted from forest land allowed derivation of the soil carbon change factor (SCCF; ratio of soil carbon stock in the agricultural land to that in the forest land at the time of soil sampling). Depth-based SCCFs for a fixed depth of 0-30 cm were 23% greater than mass-based SCCFs determined by the equivalent soil mass approach, in which soil carbon stocks in all replicated samples from forest land and agricultural land were calculated for different depths but equal masses of the soil mineral fraction. The overestimation of SCCFs by the depth-based approach was more pronounced in Andosols, particularly in croplands on Andosols, because soil bulk densities in forest lands were much lower than those in croplands on Andosols. The mass-based SCCFs for croplands (upland fields and orchards) and grasslands (pasture land and grazing land) after deforestation were 0.741 +/- 0.259 (a 25.9 +/- 25.9% decrease in soil carbon stocks after an elapsed time of 2-85 years) and 0.858 +/- 0.212 (a 14.2 +/- 21.2% decrease after an elapsed time of 26-81 years), respectively. Therefore, conversions from forest land to cropland or grassland resulted in a significant carbon loss from most soils in Japan. Soil carbon stocks in cropland converted from forest land declined as the elapsed time after deforestation increased although the uncertainty was large. Of the environmental variables, soil type (Andosols versus non-Andosols) and tillage frequency during cultivation had little impact on mass-based SCCFs; however, the SCCFs decreased with higher mean annual air temperature at the sites.