Recent progress and open questions in Drosophila dosage compensation

Sexual dimorphism is observed in many traits across diverse taxa, and often it is quite extreme. Within a species, individuals of opposing sex can appear strikingly different, reflecting differences at the molecular level that may be similarly striking. Among the most extreme cases of such molecular sexual dimorphism is the quantity of sex chromosomes that each sex possesses. Hemizygous sex chromosomes are common to many species, and various mechanisms have evolved to regulate transcriptional activity to ensure appropriate sex chromosome-to-autosome gene expression stoichiometry. Among the most thoroughly investigated of these mechanisms is Drosophila melanogaster's male-specific lethal (MSL) complex-mediated dosage compensation. In Drosophila, the male X chromosome transcription is upregulated approximately two-fold in somatic tissues to counterbalance the effects of sex chromosome hemizygosity on transcript abundance. Despite dramatic advances in our understanding of the Drosophila dosage compensation, many questions remain unanswered, and our understanding of its molecular underpinnings remains incomplete. In this review, we synthesize recent progress in the field as a means to highlight open questions, including how the MSL complex targets the X chromosome, how dosage compensation has shaped evolution of X-linked genes, and the degree to which MSL complex-mediated dosage compensation varies in activity across somatic tissues.