Concentrations and emission factors for PM2.5 and PM10 from road traffic in Sweden

PM10 concentrations exceed the guidelines in some Swedish cities and the limit values will likely be further reduced in the future. In order to gain more knowledge of emission factors for road traffic and concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5, existing monitoring stations in two cities, Gothenburg and Umea, with international E-road thoroughfares, were complemented with some PM2.5 measurements. Emission factors for PM10 and PM2.5 were estimated using NOx as a tracer. Monitoring data from kerbside and urban background sites in Gothenburg during 2006-2010 and in Umea during 2006-2012 were used. NOx emissions were estimated from the traffic flow and emission factors calculated from the HBEFA3.1 model. PM2.5 constitutes the finer part of PM10. Emissions of the coarser part of PM10 (PM10-PM2.5) are suppressed when roads are wet and show a maximum during spring when the roads dry up and studded tyres are still used. Less than 1% of the road wear caused by studded tyres give rise to airborne PM2.5-10 particles. The NOx emission factors decrease with time in the used model, due to the renewal of the vehicle fleet. However, the NOx concentrations resulting from the roads show no clear trend. The air dispersion is an important factor controlling the PM concentration near the road. The dispersion has a minimum in winter and during midnight. The average street level concentrations of PK10 and PM2.5 in Gothenburg were 21 +/- 20 and 8 6 mu g m(-3) respectively, which is 36% and 22% higher than the urban background concentrations. Despite the four times lower traffic flow in Umea compared to Gothenburg, the average particle concentrations were very similar; 21 +/- 31 and 7 +/- 5 mu g m(-3) for PM10 and PM2.5 respectively. These concentrations were, however, 108% and 55% higher than the urban background concentrations in Umea. The emission factors for PM10 decreased with time, and the average factor was 0.06 g km(-1) vehichle(-1). The emission factors for PM2.5 are very uncertain due to the small increments in PM2.5 concentration at the thoroughfares, and were on average 0.02 g km(-1) vehichle(-1). (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.