Dissecting the Fornix in Basic Memory Processes and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A Review

被引:52
作者
Benear, Susan L. [1 ]
Ngo, Chi T. [2 ]
Olson, Ingrid R. [1 ]
机构
[1] Temple Univ, Dept Psychol, 1701 N 13th St, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA
[2] Max Planck Inst Human Dev, Ctr Lifespan Psychol, Berlin, Germany
关键词
fornix; white matter; episodic memory; diffusion imaging; hippocampus; Alzheimer's disease; WHITE-MATTER INTEGRITY; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; DEEP BRAIN-STIMULATION; CHOLINERGIC BASAL FOREBRAIN; MEDIAL TEMPORAL-LOBE; IN-PLACE MEMORY; EPISODIC MEMORY; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; FIMBRIA-FORNIX; THETA OSCILLATIONS;
D O I
10.1089/brain.2020.0749
中图分类号
Q189 [神经科学];
学科分类号
071006 ;
摘要
Background:The fornix is the primary axonal tract of the hippocampus, connecting it to modulatory subcortical structures. This review reveals that fornix damage causes cognitive deficits that closely mirror those resulting from hippocampal lesions. Methods:We reviewed the literature on the fornix, spanning non-human animal lesion research, clinical case studies of human patients with fornix damage, as well as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) work that evaluates fornix microstructure in vivo. Results:The fornix is essential for memory formation because it serves as the conduit for theta rhythms and acetylcholine, as well as providing mnemonic representations to deep brain structures that guide motivated behavior, such as when and where to eat. In rodents and non-human primates, fornix lesions lead to deficits in conditioning, reversal learning, and navigation. In humans, damage to the fornix manifests as anterograde amnesia. DWI research reveals that the fornix plays a key role in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's Disease, and can potentially predict conversion from the former to the latter. Emerging DWI findings link perturbations in this structure to schizophrenia, mood disorders, and eating disorders. Cutting-edge research has investigated how deep brain stimulation of the fornix can potentially attenuate memory loss, control epileptic seizures, and even improve mood. Conclusions:The fornix is essential to a fully functioning memory system and is implicated in nearly all neurological functions that rely on the hippocampus. Future research needs to use optimized DWI methods to study the fornix in vivo, which we discuss, given the difficult nature of fornix reconstruction.
引用
收藏
页码:331 / 354
页数:24
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