Activated NF-κB in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Inhibits Osteogenic Differentiation Through Downregulating Smad Signaling

Osteoporosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is thought to be the result of accelerated osteoclastogenesis induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF). However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the osteoblastogenesis in SLE patients are not fully understood. We investigated the bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-induced osteoblastic capacity of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) from SLE patients and the TNF signaling system in determining BMP-2-induced regulatory pathways. It showed that the capacity of osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs from SLE patients was reduced compared with that from healthy controls. The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) signaling was activated while the BMP/Smad pathway was repressed in BMMSCs from SLE patients. TNF activated NF-kappa B pathway and inhibited the phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8 and BMP-2-induced osteoblastic differentiation in BMMSCs from normal controls, while addition of pyrollidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an NF-kappa B inhibitor, to SLE-BMMSCs could partially reverse these effects. Thus, our findings have shown that the activated NF-kappa B pathway in SLE-BMMSCs inhibits the BMP-2-induced osteoblastic differentiation through BMP/Smad signaling pathway, suggesting that the impaired osteoblastic differentiation may participate in the pathology of osteoporosis in SLE patients.