A difficulty of biodiesel synthesis based on alkaline catalysts obviously exists if free fatty acids (FFAs) content in vegetable oil is above 0.5 wt.%. In this study, the ferric sulfate supported on silica (Fe-2(SO4)(3)/SiO2) was synthesized, activated (at different temperature: 120-600 degrees C) and tested for heterogeneous esterification of FFA (oleic acid) present in sunflower oil (5 wt.%). The catalyst samples were characterized by BET, TG/DTG, XRD and FTIR analyses. Obtained results showed that catalyst activated at 500 degrees C for 2 h in air atmosphere gave the maximal conversion of oleic acid (similar to 97%). Repeated use of catalyst without additional catalyst treatment or re-activation indicated that catalyst posses desired stability and activity. A pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model was proposed with good agreement between calculated and experimental data. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Univ Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, MalaysiaUniv Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, Malaysia
Gan, Suyin
;
Ng, Hoon Kiat
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Univ Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Mech Mat & Mfg Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, MalaysiaUniv Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, Malaysia
Ng, Hoon Kiat
;
Ooi, Chun Weng
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Univ Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, MalaysiaUniv Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, Malaysia
Ooi, Chun Weng
;
Motala, Nafisa Osman
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Univ Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, MalaysiaUniv Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, Malaysia
Motala, Nafisa Osman
;
Ismail, Mohd Anas Farhan
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Univ Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, MalaysiaUniv Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, Malaysia
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Int Islamic Univ Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Biotechnol Engn, BERU, Kuala Lumpur 50728, MalaysiaInt Islamic Univ Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Biotechnol Engn, BERU, Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia
Kabbashi, Nassereldeen A.
;
Hakimi, Noor Irma Nazashida Mohd
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机构:Int Islamic Univ Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Biotechnol Engn, BERU, Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia
Hakimi, Noor Irma Nazashida Mohd
;
Siran, Yosri Mohd
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Siran, Yosri Mohd
;
Tahiruddin, Shawaluddin
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机构:Int Islamic Univ Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Biotechnol Engn, BERU, Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia
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Univ Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, MalaysiaUniv Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, Malaysia
Gan, Suyin
;
Ng, Hoon Kiat
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Univ Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Mech Mat & Mfg Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, MalaysiaUniv Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, Malaysia
Ng, Hoon Kiat
;
Ooi, Chun Weng
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Univ Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, MalaysiaUniv Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, Malaysia
Ooi, Chun Weng
;
Motala, Nafisa Osman
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Univ Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, MalaysiaUniv Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, Malaysia
Motala, Nafisa Osman
;
Ismail, Mohd Anas Farhan
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Univ Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, MalaysiaUniv Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul, Malaysia
机构:
Int Islamic Univ Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Biotechnol Engn, BERU, Kuala Lumpur 50728, MalaysiaInt Islamic Univ Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Biotechnol Engn, BERU, Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia
Kabbashi, Nassereldeen A.
;
Hakimi, Noor Irma Nazashida Mohd
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机构:Int Islamic Univ Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Biotechnol Engn, BERU, Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia
Hakimi, Noor Irma Nazashida Mohd
;
Siran, Yosri Mohd
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机构:Int Islamic Univ Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Biotechnol Engn, BERU, Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia
Siran, Yosri Mohd
;
Tahiruddin, Shawaluddin
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机构:Int Islamic Univ Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Biotechnol Engn, BERU, Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia