Three-dimensional effects in the lower urinary tract

The two major components of the human lower urinary tract, namely the bladder and the urethra, are modelled by means of 3D theory accompanied by analysis and computations for the fluid flows evolving within the vessels. Both vessels undergo substantial changes in shape as they function. The time-dependent bladder shape that is prescribed essentially directs fluid into the urethral opening but also induces involved behaviour as the bladder collapses almost totally. The urethral internal shape by contrast interacts in full with its contained fluid motion, mainly by virtue of the fluid pressure response. Solutions are presented for various configurations. A similar approach is taken for the influences of enlarged prostate glands over a comparatively long scale, again incorporating three-dimensionality.