Multi-scale pathology image texture signature is a prognostic factor for resectable lung adenocarcinoma: a multi-center, retrospective study

Background: Tumor histomorphology analysis plays a crucial role in predicting the prognosis of resectable lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Computer-extracted image texture features have been previously shown to be correlated with outcome. However, a comprehensive, quantitative, and interpretable predictor remains to be developed. Methods: In this multi-center study, we included patients with resectable LUAD from four independent cohorts. An automated pipeline was designed for extracting texture features from the tumor region in hematoxylin and eosin (H & E)-stained whole slide images (WSIs) at multiple magnifications. A multi-scale pathology image texture signature (MPIS) was constructed with the discriminative texture features in terms of overall survival (OS) selected by the LASSO method. The prognostic value of MPIS for OS was evaluated through univariable and multivariable analysis in the discovery set (n = 111) and the three external validation sets (V-1, n = 115; V-2, n = 116; and V-3, n = 246). We constructed a Cox proportional hazards model incorporating clinicopathological variables and MPIS to assess whether MPIS could improve prognostic stratification. We also performed histo-genomics analysis to explore the associations between texture features and biological pathways. Results: A set of eight texture features was selected to construct MPIS. In multivariable analysis, a higher MPIS was associated with significantly worse OS in the discovery set (HR 5.32, 95%CI 1.72-16.44; P = 0.0037) and the three external validation sets (V-1: HR 2.63, 95%CI 1.10-6.29, P = 0.0292; V-2: HR 2.99, 95%CI 1.34-6.66, P = 0.0075; V-3: HR 1.93, 95%CI 1.15-3.23, P = 0.0125). The model that integrated clinicopathological variables and MPIS had better discrimination for OS compared to the clinicopathological variables-based model in the discovery set (C-index, 0.837 vs. 0.798) and the three external validation sets (V-1: 0.704 vs. 0.679; V-2: 0.728 vs. 0.666; V-3: 0.696 vs. 0.669). Furthermore, the identified texture features were associated with biological pathways, such as cytokine activity, structural constituent of cytoskeleton, and extracellular matrix structural constituent. Conclusions: MPIS was an independent prognostic biomarker that was robust and interpretable. Integration of MPIS with clinicopathological variables improved prognostic stratification in resectable LUAD and might help enhance the quality of individualized postoperative care.