First gadolinium loading to Super-Kamiokande

被引：57

作者：

Abe, K. ^{[1
,51
]}

Bronner, C. ^{[1
]}

Hayato, Y. ^{[1
,51
]}

Hiraide, K. ^{[1
]}

Ikeda, M. ^{[1
,51
]}

Imaizumi, S. ^{[1
]}

Kameda, J. ^{[1
,51
]}

Kanemura, Y. ^{[1
]}

Kataoka, Y. ^{[1
]}

Miki, S. ^{[1
]}

Miura, M. ^{[1
,51
]}

Moriyama, S. ^{[1
,51
]}

Nagao, Y. ^{[1
]}

Nakahata, M. ^{[1
,51
]}

Nakayama, S. ^{[1
,51
]}

Okada, T. ^{[1
]}

Okamoto, K. ^{[1
,60
]}

Orii, A. ^{[1
]}

Pronost, G. ^{[1
]}

Sekiya, H. ^{[1
,51
]}

Shiozawa, M. ^{[1
,51
]}

Sonoda, Y. ^{[1
]}

Suzuki, Y. ^{[1
]}

Takeda, A. ^{[1
,51
]}

Takemoto, Y. ^{[1
]}

Takenaka, A. ^{[1
]}

Tanaka, H. ^{[1
]}

Watanabe, S. ^{[1
]}

Yano, T. ^{[1
]}

Han, S. ^{[2
]}

Kajita, T. ^{[2
,51
]}

Okumura, K. ^{[2
,51
]}

Tashiro, T. ^{[2
]}

Xia, J. ^{[2
]}

Megias, G. D. ^{[3
]}

Bravo-Berguno, D. ^{[4
]}

Labarga, L. ^{[4
]}

Marti, Ll ^{[4
]}

Zaldivar, B. ^{[4
]}

Pointon, B. W. ^{[5
,55
]}

Blaszczyk, F. D. M. ^{[6
]}

Kearns, E. ^{[6
,51
]}

Raaf, J. L. ^{[6
]}

Stone, J. L. ^{[6
,51
]}

Wan, L. ^{[6
]}

Wester, T. ^{[6
]}

Bian, J. ^{[7
]}

Griskevich, N. J. ^{[7
]}

Kropp, W. R. ^{[7
]}

Locke, S. ^{[7
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Tokyo, Inst Cosm Ray Res, Kamioka Observ, Gifu, Akita 5061205, Japan

[2] Univ Tokyo, Res Ctr Cosm Neutrinos, Inst Cosm Ray Res, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778582, Japan

[3] Univ Tokyo, Inst Cosm Ray Res, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778582, Japan

[4] Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Theoret Phys, Madrid 28049, Spain

[5] British Columbia Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Burnaby, BC V5G 3H2, Canada

[6] Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA

[7] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA 92697 USA

[8] Calif State Univ Dominguez Hills, Dept Phys, Carson, CA 90747 USA

[9] Chonnam Natl Univ, Inst Universe & Elementary Particles, Gwangju 61186, South Korea

[10] Duke Univ, Dept Phys, Durham, NC 27708 USA

[11] Ecole Polytech, Lab Leprince Ringuet, IN2P3 CNRS, F-91120 Palaiseau, France

[12] Junior Coll, Fukuoka Inst Technol, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 8110295, Japan

[13] Gifu Univ, Dept Phys, Gifu, Gifu 5011193, Japan

[14] Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol, GIST Coll, Gwangju 500712, South Korea

[15] Univ Hawaii, Dept Phys & Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA

[16] Imperial Coll London, Dept Phys, London SW7 2AZ, England

[17] Inst Interdisciplinary Res Sci & Educ, Quy Nhon 55121, Binh Dinh, Vietnam

[18] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Dipartimento Interuniv Fis, Sez Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy

[19] Univ Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy

[20] Politecn Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy

[21] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Dipartimento Fis, Sez Napoli, I-80126 Naples, Italy

[22] Univ Napoli, I-80126 Naples, Italy

[23] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Dipartimento Fis, Sez Padova, I-35131 Padua, Italy

[24] Univ Padua, I-135131 Padua, Italy

[25] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Roma, I-00185 Rome, Italy

[26] Univ Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Rome, Italy

[27] Keio Univ, Dept Phys, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan

[28] High Energy Accelerator Res Org KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050801, Japan

[29] Kings Coll London, Dept Phys, London WC2R 2LS, England

[30] Kobe Univ, Dept Phys, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan

[31] Kyoto Univ, Dept Phys, Kyoto, Kyoto 6068502, Japan

[32] Univ Liverpool, Dept Phys, Liverpool L69 7ZE, Merseyside, England

[33] Miyagi Univ Educ, Dept Phys, Sendai, Miyagi 9800845, Japan

[34] Nagoya Univ, Inst Space Earth Environm Res, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan

[35] Nagoya Univ, Kobayashi Maskawa Inst Origin Particles & Univers, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan

[36] Natl Ctr Nucl Res, PL-02093 Warsaw, Poland

[37] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA

[38] Okayama Univ, Dept Phys, Okayama, Okayama 7008530, Japan

[39] Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3PU, England

[40] Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England

[41] Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea

[42] Univ Sheffield, Dept Phys & Astron, Sheffield S3 7RH, S Yorkshire, England

[43] Shizuoka Univ Welf, Dept Informat Social Welf, Yaizu, Shizuoka 4258611, Japan

[44] Harwell Oxford, Rutherford Appleton Lab, STFC, Warrington OX11 0QX, Cheshire, England

[45] Daresbury Lab, Warrington OX11 0QX, Cheshire, England

[46] Sungkyunkwan Univ, Dept Phys, Suwon 16419, South Korea

[47] Tohoku Univ, Dept Phys, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan

[48] Tokai Univ, Dept Phys, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 2591292, Japan

[49] Univ Tokyo, Bunkyo Ku, Bunkyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan

[50] Univ Tokyo, Dept Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan

来源：

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT | 2022年 / 1027卷

基金：

美国国家科学基金会; 加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会; 日本学术振兴会; 中国国家自然科学基金; 新加坡国家研究基金会; 英国科学技术设施理事会;

关键词：

Water Cherenkov detector; Neutrino; Gadolinium; Neutron; RADON CONCENTRATION; WATER;

D O I：

10.1016/j.nima.2021.166248

中图分类号：

TH7 [仪器、仪表];

学科分类号：

0804 ; 080401 ; 081102 ;

摘要：

In order to improve Super-Kamiokande's neutron detection efficiency and to thereby increase its sensitivity to the diffuse supernova neutrino background flux, 13 tons of Gd-2(SO4)(3) center dot 8H(2)O (gadolinium sulfate octahydrate) was dissolved into the detector's otherwise ultrapure water from July 14 to August 17, 2020, marking the start of the SK-Gd phase of operations. During the loading, water was continuously recirculated at a rate of 60 m(3)/h, extracting water from the top of the detector and mixing it with concentrated Gd-2 (SO4)(3) center dot 8H(2)O solution to create a 0.02% solution of the Gd compound before injecting it into the bottom of the detector. A clear boundary between the Gd-loaded and pure water was maintained through the loading, enabling monitoring of the loading itself and the spatial uniformity of the Gd concentration over the 35 days it took to reach the top of the detector. During the subsequent commissioning the recirculation rate was increased to 120 m(3)/h, resulting in a constant and uniform distribution of Gd throughout the detector and water transparency equivalent to that of previous pure-water operation periods. Using an Am-Be neutron calibration source the mean neutron capture time was measured to be 115 +/- 1 mu s, which corresponds to a Gd concentration of 111 +/- 2 ppm, as expected for this level of Gd loading. This paper describes changes made to the water circulation system for this detector upgrade, the Gd loading procedure, detector commissioning, and the first neutron calibration measurements in SK-Gd.

引用

页数：15

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