Simultaneous addition of two ligands: A potential strategy for estimating divalent ion affinities in EF-hand proteins by isothermal titration calorimetry

Capable of providing a detailed thermodynamic picture of noncovalent association reactions, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) has become a popular method for studying protein-ligand interactions. We routinely employ the technique to study divalent ion-binding by two-site EF-hand proteins from the parvalbumin- and polcalcin lineages. The combination of high Ca2+ affinity and relatively low Mg2+ and the attendant complication of parameter correlation, conspire to make the simultaneous extraction of binding constants and -enthalpies for both ions challenging. Although global analysis of multiple ITC experiments can overcome these hurdles, our current experimental protocol includes upwards of 10 titrations - requiring a substantial investment in labor, machine time, and material. This paper explores the potential for using a smaller suite of experiments that includes simultaneous titrations with Ca2+ and Mg2+ at different ratios of the two ions. The results obtained for four proteins, differing substantially in their divalent ion-binding properties, suggest that the approach has merit. The Ca2+- and Mg2+-binding constants afforded by the streamlined analysis are in reasonable agreement with those obtained from the standard analysis protocol. Likewise, the abbreviated analysis provides comparable values for the Ca2+-binding enthalpies. However, the streamlined analysis can yield divergent values for the Mg2+-binding enthalpies - particularly those for lower affinity sites. This shortcoming can be remedied, in large measure, by including data from a direct Ca2+ titration in the presence of a high, fixed Mg2+ concentration. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Inc.