Sample preparation for gas chromatographic determination of halogenated volatile organic compounds in environmental and biological samples

In this review, the wide spectrum of the techniques of isolation and/or preconcentration and final determination of halogenated volatile organic compounds (HVOCs) in water, air, soil, sediment and biological fluids are presented and discussed. The techniques discussed are solvent microextraction, solid phase extraction, gas extraction (static and dynamic techniques), membrane processes and passive sampling. Also, direct techniques, such as direct aqueous injection into gas chromatography (CC) column and membrane inlet mass spectrometry. are presented. Main attention is paid to the practical application of these techniques during all HVOCs determination. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.