Multiple Glass Transitions in Bismuth and Tin beyond Melting Temperatures

Liquid-liquid transitions were discovered above the melting temperature (T-m) in Bi and Sn up to 2 T-m, viewed as glass transitions at T-g = Tn+ > T-m of composites nucleated at T-x < T-m and fully melted at Tn+. A glassy fraction (f) disappeared at 784 K in Sn. (Tn+) increases with singular values of (f) depending on T-x with (f) attaining 100% at T-g = Tn+ = 2 T-m. The nonclassical model of homogeneous nucleation is used to predict T-x, Tn+ and the specific heat. The singular values of (f) leading to (Tn+) correspond to percolation thresholds of configurons in glassy phases. A phase diagram of glassy fractions occurring in molten elements is proposed. The same value of (T-x) can lead to multiple (T-g). Values of (T-g = T-n(+)) can be higher than (2 T-m) for T-x/T-m < 0.7069. A specific heat equal to zero is predicted after cooling from T <= 2 T-m and would correspond to a glassy phase. Weak glassy fractions are nucleated near (Tn+) after full melting at (T-m) without transition at (T-x). Resistivity decreases were observed after thermal cycling between solid and liquid states with weak and successive values of (f) due to T-x/T-m < 0.7069.