Xenopus tropicalis as a Test System for Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity

被引:41
作者
Berg, Cecilia [1 ]
Gyllenhammar, Irina [1 ]
Kvarnryd, Moa [1 ]
机构
[1] Uppsala Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol Uppsala, Dept Environm Toxicol, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
来源
JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES | 2009年 / 72卷 / 3-4期
关键词
CARBONIC-ANHYDRASE EXPRESSION; WASTE-WATER CONTAMINANTS; ZEBRAFISH DANIO-RERIO; SEX DETERMINATION; SILURANA-TROPICALIS; EMBRYONIC EXPOSURE; AROMATASE-ACTIVITY; THYROID-HORMONE; NATIONAL RECONNAISSANCE; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS;
D O I
10.1080/15287390802539079
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
The usefulness of Xenopus tropicalis as a model species to investigate endocrine disruption and developmental reproductive toxicity was assessed. In our test system tadpoles were exposed to test substances from shortly after hatching until metamorphosis, including the period of gonadal differentiation. Effects on the sex hormone and thyroid hormone axes were evidenced as skewed sex ratios, malformations of reproductive organs, altered cytochrome (CYP19) (aromatase) activity, and gene expression in gonads and brain, as well as changed thyroid histology and time to metamorphosis. Reproductive toxicity was evaluated at sexual maturity. Male-to-female sex reversal was implied at concentrations as low as 6 pM (1.8 ng/L) ethynylestradiol (EE2), which is comparable to EE2 levels observed in the environment. EE2-exposed males that were not sex reversed had significantly reduced fertility and a reduced amount of spermatozoa in testes compared with control males. This indicates that reproduction in wild frogs might be impaired by estrogenic environmental pollutants. Aromatase activity in brain and testes of adult frogs was not affected by larval EE2 exposure. Preliminary results indicate that exposure to the environmentally relevant pharmaceutical clotrimazole modulated aromatase activity in brain and gonads during sex differentiation, which warrants further investigation. The susceptibility to estrogen-induced sex reversal of X. tropicalis was comparable to that of other frog species and fish. Similarities between the reproductive effects in X. tropicalis and those reported in fish, birds, and mammals after developmental exposure to estrogens make X. tropicalis promising model for research on endocrine disruption and developmental reproductive toxicity.
引用
收藏
页码:219 / 225
页数:7
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