Novel Role of NOD2 in Mediating Ca2+ Signaling: Evidence From NOD2-Regulated Podocyte TRPC6 Channels in Hyperhomocysteinemia

Although hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcys) has been recognized as an important independent risk factor in the progression of end-stage renal disease and in the development of cardiovascular complications related to end-stage renal disease, the mechanisms triggering the pathogenic actions of hHcys are not yet fully understood. The present study was designed to investigate the contribution of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2), an intracellular innate immunity mediator, to the development of glomerulosclerosis in hHcys. Our results showed that NOD2 deficiency ameliorated renal injury in mice with hHcys. We further discovered the novel role of NOD2 in mediating Ca2+ signaling and found that homocysteine-induced NOD2 expression enhanced transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6) expression and TRPC6-mediated calcium influx and currents, leading to intracellular Ca2+ release, ultimately resulting in podocyte cytoskeleton rearrangement and apoptosis. Moreover, we found that nephrin expression was downregulated dependently by NOD2, and overexpression of nephrin attenuated homocysteine-induced TRPC6 expression in podocytes. The results add evidence to support the essential role of nephrin in mediating NOD2-induced TRPC6 expression in hHcys. In conclusion, our results for the first time establish a previously unknown function of NOD2 for the regulation of TRPC6 channels, suggesting that TRPC6-dependent Ca2+ signaling is one of the critical signal transduction pathways that links innate immunity mediator NOD2 to podocyte injury. Pharmacological targeting of NOD2 signaling pathways at multiple levels may help design a new approach to develop therapeutic strategies for treatment of hHcys-associated end-stage renal disease.