Feature fusion with covariance matrix regularization in face recognition

The fusion of multiple features is important for achieving state-of-the-art face recognition results. This has been proven in both traditional and deep learning approaches. Existing feature fusion methods either reduce the dimensionality of each feature first and then concatenate all low-dimensional feature vectors, named as DR-Cat, or the vice versa, named as Cat-DR. However, DR-Cat ignores the correlation information between different features which is useful for classification. In Cat-DR, on the other hand, the correlation information estimated from the training data may not be reliable especially when the number of training samples is limited. We propose a covariance matrix regularization (CMR) technique to solve problems of DR-Cat and Cat-DR. It works by assigning weights to cross-feature covariances in the covariance matrix of training data. Thus the feature correlation estimated from training data is regularized before being used to train the feature fusion model. The proposed CMR is applied to 4 feature fusion schemes: fusion of pixel values from 3 color channels, fusion of LBP features from 3 color channels, fusion of pixel values and LBP features from a single color channel, and fusion of CNN features extracted by 2 deep models. Extensive experiments of face recognition and verification are conducted on databases including MultiPIE, Georgia Tech, AR and LFW. Results show that the proposed CMR technique significantly and consistently outperforms the best single feature, DR-Cat and Cat-DR. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.