Interaction of metal nanoparticles with recombinant arginine kinase from Trypanosoma brucei: Thermodynamic and spectrofluorimetric evaluation

Background: Trypanosoma brucei, responsible for African sleeping sickness, is a lethal parasite against which there is need for new drug protocols. It is therefore relevant to attack possible biomedical targets with specific preparations and since arginine kinase does not occur in humans but is present in the parasite it becomes a suitable target. Methods: Fluorescence quenching, thermodynamic analysis and FRET have shown that arginine kinase from T. brucei interacted with silver or gold nanoparticles. Results: The enzyme only had one binding site. At 25 degrees C the dissociation (K-d) and Stern-Volmer constants (K-SV) were 15.2 nM, 0.058 nM(-1) [Ag]; and 43.5 nM, 0.052 nM(-1) [Au] and these decreased to 11.2 nM, 0.041 nM(-1) [Ag]; and 24.2 nM, 0.039 nM(-1) [Au] at 30 degrees C illustrating static quenching and the formation of a non-fluorescent fluorophore-nanoparticle complex. Silver nanoparticles bound to arginine kinase with greater affinity, enhanced fluorescence quenching and easier access to tryptophan molecules than gold. Negative Delta H and Delta G values implied that the interaction of both Ag and Au nanoparticles with arginine kinase was spontaneous with electrostatic forces. FRET confirmed that the nanoparticles were bound 2.11 nm [Ag] and 2.26 nm [Au] from a single surface tryptophan residue. Conclusions: The nanoparticles bind close to the arginine substrate through a cysteine residue that controls the electrophilic and nucleophilic characters of the substrate arginine-guanidinium group crucial for enzymatic phosphoryl transfer between ADP and ATP. General significance: The nanoparticles of silver and gold interact with arginine kinase from T. brucei and may prove to have far reaching consequences in clinical trials. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.