Tungsten species in natural ferromanganese oxides related to its different behavior from molybdenum in oxic ocean

The tungsten (W) species in marine ferromanganese oxides were investigated by wavelength dispersive XAFS method. We found that the W species are in distorted O-h symmetry in natural ferromanganese oxides. The host phase of W is suggested to be Mn oxides by mu-XRF mapping. We also found that the W species forms inner-sphere complexes in hexavalent state and distorted O-h symmetry on synthetic ferrihydrite, goethite, hematite, and delta-MnO2. The molecular-scale information of W indicates that the negatively-charged WO42- ion mainly adsorbs on the negatively-charged Mn oxides phase in natural ferromanganese oxides due to the strong chemical interaction. In addition, preferential adsorption of lighter W isotopes is expected based on the molecular symmetry of the adsorbed species, implying the potential significance of the W isotope systems similar to Mo. Adsorption experiments of W on synthetic ferrihydrite and delta-MnO2 were also conducted. At higher equilibrium concentration, W exhibits behaviors similar to Mo on delta-MnO2 due to their formations of inner-sphere complexes. On the other hand, W shows a much larger adsorption on ferrihydrite than Mo. This is due to the formation of the inner- and outer-sphere complexes for W and Mo on ferrihydrite, respectively. Considering the lower equilibrium concentration such as in oxic seawater, however, the enrichment of W into natural ferromanganese oxides larger than Mo may be controlled by the different stabilities of their inner-sphere complexes on the Mn oxides. These two factors, (i) the stability of inner-sphere complexes on the Mn oxides and (ii) the mode of attachment on ferrihydrite (inner- or outer-sphere complex), are the causes of the different behaviors of W and Mo on the surface of the Fe/Mn (oxyhydr) oxides. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.