Chemotherapy for transient myeloproliferative disorder in a premature infant with Down syndrome

What is known and Objective Congenital leukaemia is the most common leukaemia in newborns with Down syndrome, but it must be differentiated from transient myeloproliferative disorder. The majority of transient myeloproliferative disorders regresses spontaneously during the first few months of life. Data on the treatment outcomes of transient myeloproliferative disorder in premature infants are very rare. We present a case of a very-low-birthweight (1350g) premature newborn with Down syndrome, diagnosed as having transient myeloproliferative disorder and treated with chemotherapy due to recurrent hyperleucocytosis (WBC: 148000/mm3) after repeated exchange transfusions. Case summary The patient's WBC count regressed to 24000/mm3 without treatment. During the follow-up period, the WBC increased on consecutive days and reached 95000/mm3 on the 16th day of the hospitalization. Therefore, chemotherapy was started. Single-agent cytarabine infusion was administered over five days. After the therapy, the WBC count stayed stable and remained steady in the range 460013600/mm3 in the second month. What is new and Conclusion A very-low-birthweight infant with Down syndrome and recurrent transient myeloproliferative disorder was successfully treated with cytarabine.