Metallofullerene and fullerene formation from condensing carbon gas under conditions of stellar outflows and implication to stardust

Carbonaceous presolar grains of supernovae origin have long been isolated and are determined to be the carrier of anomalous Ne-22 in ancient meteorites. That exotic Ne-22 is, in fact, the decay isotope of relatively short-lived Na-22 formed by explosive nucleosynthesis, and therefore, a selective and rapid Na physical trapping mechanism must take place during carbon condensation in supernova ejecta. Elucidation of the processes that trap Na and produce large carbon molecules should yield insight into carbon stardust enrichment and formation. Herein, we demonstrate that Na effectively nucleates formation of Na@C-60 and other metallofullerenes during carbon condensation under highly energetic conditions in oxygen-and hydrogen-rich environments. Thus, fundamental carbon chemistry that leads to trapping of Na is revealed, and should be directly applicable to gas-phase chemistry involving stellar environments, such as supernova ejecta. The results indicate that, in addition to empty fullerenes, metallofullerenes should be constituents of stellar/ circumstellar and interstellar space. In addition, gas-phase reactions of fullerenes with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are investigated to probe "build-up" and formation of carbon stardust, and provide insight into fullerene astrochemistry.